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Rubber Gaskets, Sheets, Rolls, Strips and Fabrications

The manufacture of rubber products has been at the core of William Johnston & Company Limited’s business and reputation for almost 70 years. This unrivalled experience means that we are now one of the leaders in the U.K. market and 60-70 % of our products are delivered out with Scotland.

We supply sheet, roll, strip, gasket and fabrications in a very wide range of materials known as elastomers: Below are the generic types of elastomer and details on each.

rubber cross comparison shore hardness

COMMON NAME NATURAL SBR EPDM NEOPRENE CMS NITRILE ACRYLIC VAMAC
ABREVIATED NAME NR SBR EPDM CR CMS NBR ACM AEM
HARDNESS RANGE 30-95 40-95 30-85 30-90 40-85 40-100 50-85 45-90
HEAT RESISTANCE °C / / / / / / / /
MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS °C 75 85 130 95 130 100 150 150
PEAK °C 105 115 150 125 160 130 180 180
MINIMUM °C -60 -55 -50 -40 -25 -50 -20 -40

COMMON NAME EPICHLOROHYDRIN BUTYL SILICONE HNBR FLOUROCARBON FLOUROSILICONE KALREZ
ABREVIATED NAME ECO IIR Q (VMQ) HNBR FKM FQ FFKM
HARDNESS RANGE 40-85 40-85 40-80 50-95 50-95 40-80 65-90
HEAT RESISTANCE °C / / / / / / /
MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS °C 140 120 205 150 205 180 /
PEAK °C 160 135 300 180 250 200 325
MINIMUM °C -30 -50 -60 -30 -40 -60 0

Each different elastomer has many variations in composition and the resultant product will then have variations within the Shore A hardness, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, electrical conductivity etc. On the next 2 pages you will find some common variations on each type.

There are a lot of specification grades conforming to British Standards, American Military Specifications, Defence Standards, commercial and other custom made grades. William Johnston & Company Limited are happy to assist you in selecting the correct grade of elastomer to suit your application and budget. Chemical compatibility of elastomers as well as temperature and pressure considerations should be addressed when specifying a long term seal.

William Johnston & Company Limited offer a conversion and fabrication service. We have multiple machines that rapidly assist us in the precise conversion of material to gasket for almost every engineering sector.

AFLAS®
Aflas® or TFE/P is a member of a new generation of Fluoroelastomers compounded especially to provide unique properties for specific applications. The primary uses for Aflas are in parts for oil drilling equipment. Aflas can be crosslinked (cured) using a variety of systems, but generally peroxides are used to provide the best all-around environmental resistance. A unique property of TFE/P is that at very low temperatures (down to -54 °C) it takes on leathery consistency and remains functional, unlike many other rubbers which can often become brittle and shatter at low temperatures.

BUTYL RUBBER
Butyl, also known as Isobutylene-isoprene (IIR), is a synthetic rubber developed in the 1940’s. It has exceptionally low gas permeability making it ideal for inner tubes and high pressure/vacuum sealing applications. Its very low resilience makes it suitable for shock and vibration damping. Its chemical unsaturation gives it excellent resistance to heat, ozone, and weathering, and also to dilute acids and alkalis. It is not suitable for use in mineral or petroleum based fluids. Typical applications include diaphragms, gaskets, inner tubes, liners, O-rings, seals, speaker surrounds and bottle closures.

HYPALON RUBBER
Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene (CSM), widely known as Hypalon®, can in some respects be regarded as a superior type of chloroprene, having better heat ageing, chemical resistance and excellent low gas permeability. Ozone and weathering resistance is also excellent and electrical properties are good. Low temperature flexibility and oil resistance is similar to chloroprene. Hypalon has poor fuel resistance and dynamic sealing applications are not recommended in view of its poor compression set. Typical applications include static seals and any components likely to suffer hot and humid weather conditions or exposure to hot liquids and gases.

EPICHLOROHYDRIN RUBBER
Epichlorohydrin (ECO) has properties similar to nitrile rubber but with better heat, oil and petrol resistance. It has a low gas permeability and better low temperature flexibility than NBR. Its resistance to acids, alkalis and ozone is excellent. However, its poor compression set limits its use as a sealing material and its corrosive effect on metals can increase tooling costs and limit metal bonding applications. Typical uses are in automotive fuel systems, bladders, diaphragms and rollers.

EPDM
Ethlylene Propylene Diene Monomer is a copolymer of ethylene and propylene and a smaller amount of a Diene monomer which forms chemically unsaturated ethylene groups pendant from the main saturated chain. These facilitate cross-linking reactions which do not affect the integrity of the polymer backbone. This feature gives EPDM excellent heat, ozone and chemical resistance. Physical properties are very good and resistance to polar fluids is generally good. Low temperature resistance is very good and EPDM can be compounded to give excellent electrical resistance. EPDM is not suitable for exposure to petroleum based fluids and di-ester lubricants. Typical applications include accumulator bladders, cable connectors and insulators, diaphragms, gaskets, hoses and seals. Potable water (WRC/WRAS) grades are available as well as ‘Food Quality’ mixes suitable for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

FLUOROELASTOMER RUBBER
Fluoroelastomers or Fluorocarbons, widely known as Viton®, are among the most suitable rubbers for continuous use at temperatures of 200°C and up to 300°C for short periods. Various grades are available depending upon whether compression set, flexibility (as in diaphragms) or chemical resistance is the prime concern. Fluoroelastomers have excellent resistance to ozone and weathering, oils and most chemicals. They are, however, very expensive, unsuitable for use with phosphate esters and ketones and have poor low temperature capabilities. Typical applications include accumulator bladders, diaphragms, gaskets, O-rings and seals operating in especially harsh environments. Viton® is a registered trade mark of DuPont Performance Elastomers.

FLUOROSILICONE RUBBER
Fluorosilicones can operate over a very wide range of temperatures (-60°C to +200°C) and their resistance to di-ester lubricants, ozone and weathering is excellent. They have good electrical strength and moderate oil resistance. However, they are particularly expensive rubbers and unsatisfactory for use with phosphate esters. Like Silicone rubbers, their physical properties and permeability to gases are poor. Typical applications include aerospace fuel system components, diaphragms, gaskets, hose lining, seals and O-rings.

HYDROGENATED NITRILE RUBBER
The properties of Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (HNBR) depend upon the acrylonitrile content and the degree of hydrogenation of the butadiene copolymer. They have rather better oil and chemical resistance than Nitrile Rubber and can withstand much higher temperatures. HNBR has excellent resistance to sour oil and gas, steam, hot water and ozone. Physical properties (e.g. tensile and tear strength, elongation, abrasion resistance, compression set, etc.) are also excellent and compounds exhibit good dynamic behaviour at elevated temperatures. Like EPDM, HNBR can either be cured with sulphur or peroxide, depending upon which properties are the most important. Components in HNBR offer an excellent range of performance at a cost between Nitrile rubber and Fluoroelastomers. Limitations include poor electrical properties, poor flame resistance and attack by aromatic oils and polar organic solvents. Typical applications include accumulator bladders, diaphragms, gaskets and seals, especially for the oil and gas industries.

NATURAL RUBBER
Natural rubber is the only non-synthetic rubber and has been in commercial use since the beginning of the 20th century. It is extracted from the sap of the Hevea Brasiliensis tree grown in renewable plantations. It is fully biodegradable. Tensile strength, elongation and abrasion resistance is excellent over a wide hardness range, and with the exception of certain formulations of polybutadiene, it has the highest resilience of all rubbers. With its good tear strength, fatigue resistance and excellent compression set it is the ideal choice for dynamic applications at low and ambient temperatures. Weathering resistance is good for black compounds but only fair for white and coloured mixes. Although natural rubber can be used with water and some dilute acids, alkalis and chemicals, EPDM is normally preferable for most aqueous applications. Natural rubber compounds are not suitable for exposure to petroleum based oils and fuels. It has poor resistance to elevated temperatures and is susceptible to attack by ozone unless specifically compounded with anti-ozonants. Typical applications include anti-vibration mounts, drive couplings, haul-off pads and tyres.

NITRILE RUBBER
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber, usually shortened to Nitrile, was developed in 1941 as the first oil resistant rubber. Grades with high acrylonitrile content have better oil resistance whereas low acrylonitrile content gives better low temperature flexibility and resilience. Nitrile has moderate physical properties but good abrasion resistance. Gas permeability is low. Ozone resistance and electrical properties are poor. Flame resistance is poor and it is not suitable for use with use with polar solvents (e.g. MEK). Certain grades can be compounded with PVC to improve ageing, flame, petrol and ozone resistance. Carboxylated grades of Nitrile (XNBR) have improved physical properties and higher temperature resistance. Potable water (WRC/WRAS) compounds are available as well as mixes suitable for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Typical applications include accumulator bladders, diaphragms, gaskets, hose, liners, O-rings and seals.

PERFLUOROELASTOMER RUBBER
Perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) rubbers fill an important niche for applications involving aggressive chemicals at temperatures up to 300°C. They are extremely expensive and have poor physical properties and limited use at low temperatures. Typical applications include accumulator bladders, core sleeves, gaskets, O-rings and seals working in extremely harsh environments, particularly within the oil and gas industries.

KALREZ®
Kalrez® perfluoroelastomer parts and seals resist over 1,800 different chemicals while offering the high temperature stability of PTFE (327°C). Advanced properties help maintain seal integrity, reduce maintenance and operating costs and improve safety. Kalrez® perfluroelastomer parts provide reliable, long-term service with a wide range of aggressive industrial and electronic grade chemicals. It is used in highly aggressive chemical processing, semiconductor wafer processing, pharmaceutical, oil and gas recovery, and aerospace applications. Production facilities for Kalrez® are ISO 9000 and AS 9100 registered. Kalrez® parts are supplied in standard O-rings or custom shapes.

• Kalrez® Dupont Compounds
• Simriz® Simrit Compounds
• Chemraz® Greene Tweed Compounds

POLYACRYLIC RUBBER
The key properties of Polyacrylic (ACM) are its resistance to hot hydraulic oil and oxidation. It is also resistant to ozone and weathering and in these respects it is much superior to Nitrile Rubber. Water resistance is poor, as is its resistance to acids and alkalis. Low temperature applications are limited to -10°C. Polyacrylic has very low resilience below 70°C and has found use in vibration damping. Typical applications include automotive transmissions components requiring resistance to hot oil or fuel.

CHLOROPRENE RUBBER
Chloroprene Rubber (CR), widely known as Neoprene®, was one of the first oil resistant synthetic rubbers. However, it has only moderate resistance to petroleum based oils and fuels. It can be considered as a good general purpose rubber with an excellent balance of physical and chemical properties. It has better chemical, oil, ozone and heat resistance than natural rubber but a rather lower level of physical properties. Chloroprene tends to slowly absorb water and its electrical properties are poor. Its gas permeability is fairly low and flame resistance is excellent, chloroprene being one of the few rubbers that are self-extinguishing. Neoprene gives excellent rubber-metal bonds and good resilience. Certain grades of Neoprene may crystallise and harden during storage although they will thaw on heating. Chloroprene is widely used because of its wide range of useful properties and reasonable price. Typical applications include belting, coated fabrics, cable jackets, seals and gaiters. Neoprene® is a registered trademark of DuPont Performance Elastomers.

SILICONE RUBBER
Silicone Rubbers are ideal for high and low temperature applications. Electrical properties are excellent and resistance to weathering and ozone attack is outstanding. It is not resistant to super-heated steam. Physical properties are generally low but are at least retained at higher temperatures. Gas permeability is very poor as is resistance to petroleum based fluids. Silicone rubbers are expensive in comparison to most other rubbers. Food Quality/FDA compliant grades are available for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Room Temperature Vulcanisation (RTV) grades are also available, usually for prototypes or small batch quantities.

STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) is one of the cheaper general purpose rubbers. Its physical strength, resilience and low temperature properties are usually inferior to Natural Rubber though heat-aging properties and abrasion resistance are better. SBR is not resistant to oil or fuel resistant and it can be prone to weathering.
Typical applications include drive couplings, haul-off pads, shoe soles/heels and car tyres.

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Downloads

BUTYL
Black High Temperature Butyl Rubber 65° shore WJ147-WJ21

EPDM
Black 100% High Grade EPDM Rubber 60° shore WJ1456-WJ21
Black EPDM (10% content) SBR Rubber 50° shore WJ105-WJ21
Black EPDM Flame Retardant Rubber 70° Shore To EN45545 HL3 WJ172-WJ21
Black EPDM Flame Retardant Sheet 60° shore WJ176-WJ21
Black EPDM Roofing Membrane Sheeting WJ146-WJ21
Black Non-Reinforced Diaphragm 100% Premium Grade EPDM 60° shore WJ204-WJ21
Black Premium Soft Grade EPDM Rubber 50° shore WJ1454-WJ21
EPDM WRAS Approved WRASEPDMWJ070-WJ21
High Acid Resistant EPDM Rubber to ICI M228 – 80° shore WJ1458-WJ21
White FDA Approved EPDM Rubber 60° shore WJ163-WJ21

EPR
Peroxide Cured EPR Heat Resistant Rubber Sheet 60º Shore WJ1457-WJ21

FDA APPRPOVED
Black Silicone Non-Toxic General-Purpose Grade 45° Shore WJ14201-WJ21
Blue Food Quality GENUINE Viton® (DuPont A) Rubber 65° shore WJ279-WJ21
Blue Food Quality Nitrile Rubber 60° shore WJ166-WJ21
Blue Silicone Food Quality – 60° shore WJ14404-WJ21
Metal Detectable Blue Silicone 60° shore WJ1442-WJ21
Off-White Food Quality GENUINE Viton® (DuPont A) Rubber 65° shore WJ280-WJ21
Off-White Food Quality Neoprene Rubber 65° shore WJ162-WJ21
Off-white Food Quality Nitrile Rubber 60° shore WJ137-WJ21
Red Silicone FDA and EU1935 Approved 60° shore WJ14004-WJ21
Translucent Silicone Food Quality – 60° shore WJ14304-WJ21
White FDA Approved EPDM Rubber 60° shore WJ163-WJ21
White Food Quality NR-SBR 60° shore WJ136-WJ21
White Silicone Food & Drink Grade 60° shore WJ14104-WJ21
White Silicone Food Quality – 60° shore WJ14105-WJ21
White Silicone Non-Toxic Grade General Purpose 40° shore WJ14101-WJ21
White Super Soft High Abrasion Natural Rubber 38 Shore WJ138-WJ21

HNBR
Black Hydrogenated Nitrile 70° shore WJ213-WJ21

HYPALON
Hypalon (100%) WJHN65140

NATURAL RUBBER
Black Abrasion Resistant Natural Rubber 50° shore WJ1310-WJ21.pdf
Black Diamond Drum Lagging – Mini Diamond WJ218-WJ21
Black Diamond Drum Lagging With Neoprne Bonding Layer WJ218BL-WJ21
Black High Abrasion Fabric Backed Grade 60° Shore WJ152DB-WJ21
Black High Abrasion Grade 60° Shore WJ152-WJ21
Black High Abrasion Takibak Grade 60° Shore WJ152BL-WJ21
Black Natural Rubber “Dust Cloth” Sheeting 40° shore WJ157-WJ21
Black Natural Rubber to BS EN 1337-3 Bridge Bearing WJ241-WJ21
Black Natural Rubber to BS1154 Z40 WJ230-WJ21
Black Natural Rubber to BS1154 Z50 WJ231-WJ21
Black Natural Rubber to BS1154 Z60 WJ232-WJ21
Black Natural Rubber to BS5400 Pt 9 Bridge Bearing WJ240-WJ21
Off-White Natural Rubber to BS1154 Y40 WJ221-WJ21
Off-White Natural Rubber to BS1154 Y50 WJ222-WJ21
Off-White Natural Rubber to BS1154 Y60 WJ223-WJ21
Red Natural Rubber High Abrasion Grade 45° shore WJ1320-WJ21
Super Soft Red Natural Rubber 38° Shore WJ155-WJ21
Tan Natural Rubber Shotblast Grade 45° shore WJ150-WJ21
Tan Para Natural Rubber 40° shore WJ134-WJ21
White Super Soft High Abrasion Natural Rubber 38 Shore WJ138-WJ21.pdf

NBR/PVC
Black Fuel Resistant Nitrile_PVC 65° shore WJ175-WJ21

NEOPRENE CQ GRADE
Black “Economy” Grade Neoprene_SBR Rubber 65° shore WJ111-WJ21
Black Neoprene SBR Insertion 70° Shore WJ139IS-WJ21
Black Neoprene SBR Rubber 65° shore – 25% Content WJ251-WJ21
Black Neoprene_SBR Rubber 70° shore WJ106-WJ21
Black Soft Commercial Quality Neoprene SBR Rubber 50° shore WJ132-WJ21

NEOPRENE (SPEC GRADE)
Black Neoprene NFF16-101 M2-F3 & UL94-VO Flame Retardent Sheet 65° shore WJ215-WJ21
Black Neoprene Reinforced Sheeting to BS2752 C60 WJ196CT-WJ21
Black Neoprene to BS2752 C40 WJ179-WJ21
Black Neoprene to BS2752 C50 WJ180-WJ21
Black Neoprene to BS2752 C60 WJ181-WJ21
Black Neoprene to BS2752 C70 WJ182-WJ21
Black Neoprene to BS2752 C80 WJ183-WJ21
Black Non-Reinforced Diaphragm High Grade Neoprene 60° shore WJ208-WJ21
Blue Metal Detectable Neoprene WJ168-WJ21
Off-White Food Quality Neoprene Rubber 65° shore WJ162-WJ21

NITRILE
Black “Economy” Grade Nitrile SBR 65° shore WJ112-WJ21
Black Fuel Resistant Nitrile_PVC 65° shore WJ175-WJ21
Black Nitrile (10% content) SBR Rubber 50° shore WJ104-WJ21
Black Nitrile (10% content) SBR Rubber 70° shore WJ107-WJ21
Black Nitrile (25% content) SBR Rubber 65° shore WJ252-WJ21

NITRILE (SPEC GRADE)
Black BS EN682 2002 Gas Grade Nitrile 70° shore (BS2494G) WJ2494-WJ21
Black High-Grade Nitrile Reinforced Sheeting 70 Shore to BS2751 BA70 - 1Ply 150GSM Nylon fabric WJ195CT-WJ21
Black NBR Nitrile Coated Nylon Diaphragm Sheeting 70 Shore to BS2751 BA 70 – 0.25mm WJ195CO-WJ21
Black NBR Nitrile Coated Nylon Diaphragm Sheeting 70 Shore to BS2751 BA 70 – 1mm WJ195CO-WJ21
Black NBR Nitrile Coated Nylon Diaphragm Sheeting 70 Shore to BS2751 BA70 – 0.40mm WJ195CO-WJ21
Black NBR Nitrile Coated Nylon Diaphragm Sheeting 70 Shore to BS2751 BA70 – 0.50mm WJ195CO-WJ21
Black NBR Nitrile Coated Nylon Diaphragm Sheeting 70 Shore to BS2751 BA70 – 0.75mm WJ195CO-WJ21
Black NBR Nitrile Coated Nylon Diaphragm Sheeting 70 Shore to BS2751 BA70 – 1.2mm WJ195CO-WJ21
Black Nitrile 50 WJ2494D681-WJ21
Black Nitrile to BS2751 BA40 WJ189-WJ21
Black Nitrile to BS2751 BA50 WJ190-WJ21
Black Nitrile to BS2751 BA60 WJ191-WJ21
Black Nitrile to BS2751 BA70 WJ192-WJ21
Black Nitrile to BS2751 BA80 WJ193-WJ21
Black Non-Reinforced Diaphragm Premium Grade Nitrile 70° shore WJ206-WJ21
Blue Food Quality Nitrile Rubber 60° shore WJ166-WJ21
Off-white Food Quality Nitrile Rubber 60° shore WJ137-WJ21

NR/SBR
Black ‘Economy’ SBR Skirting 55° shore WJ153-WJ21
Black Commercial Premium Grade NR SBR 70° shore WJ123-WJ21
Black Commercial Premium Quality 1 ply Insertion NR SBR 70° shore WJ126-WJ21
Black Economy 1 ply insertion NR SBR Rubber 70° shore WJ120-WJ21
Black Medium Premium Nitrile SBR Insertion 70° shore WJ135IS-WJ21
Black Premium Grade NR SBR 40° shore WJ101-WJ21
White Food Quality NR-SBR 60° shore WJ136-WJ21

POLYURETHANE
Blue Polyurethane Sheeting 60° Shore WJ202-WJ21
Yellow Polyurethane Sheeting 80° shore WJ201-WJ21

PVC
Clear PVC in Rolls WJ250-WJ21

SBR
ACM VAMAC WJ127-WJ21
Black Abrasion Resistant Rubber Sheet WJ158-WJ21
Ecoscrape-WJ21
Ultraload Fibre Reinforced Bearing Pads-WJ21

SBR/CR
Black “Economy” Grade Neoprene_SBR Rubber 65° shore WJ111-WJ21
Black Neoprene Flame Retardant Sheet 60° shore WJ187-WJ21
Black Neoprene SBR Insertion 70° Shore WJ139IS-WJ21
Black Neoprene SBR Rubber 65° shore – 25% Content WJ251-WJ21
Black Neoprene_SBR Rubber 70° shore WJ106-WJ21
Black Soft Commercial Quality Neoprene SBR Rubber 50° shore WJ132-WJ21

SBR/EPDM
Black “Economy” Grade EPDM SBR Rubber 65° shore WJ113-WJ21
Black Commercial Grade NR EPDM Rubber 60° Shore WJ117-WJ21
Black EPDM (10% content) SBR Rubber 50° shore WJ105-WJ21
Black EPDM (10% content) SBR Rubber 70° shore WJ108-WJ21
Black EPDM (25% content) SBR Rubber 65° shore WJ253-WJ21

SBR/Natural
Black ‘Economy’ Grade NR SBR 70° shore WJ110-WJ21.pdf

SBR/NBR
Black “Economy” Grade Nitrile SBR 65° shore WJ112-WJ21
Black Medium Premium Nitrile SBR Insertion 70° shore WJ135IS-WJ21
Black Nitrile (10% content) SBR Rubber 50° shore WJ104-WJ21
Black Nitrile (10% content) SBR Rubber 70° shore WJ107-WJ21
Black Nitrile (25% content) SBR Rubber 65° shore WJ252-WJ21
Black Premium Grade SBR 50° shore WJ102-WJ21

SILICONE
Black Silicone Non-Toxic General-Purpose Grade 45° Shore WJ14201-WJ21
Blue Silicone Food Quality – 60° shore WJ14404-WJ21
Metal Detectable Blue Silicone 60° shore WJ1442-WJ21
Red Silicone FDA and EU1935 Approved 60° shore WJ14004-WJ21
Silicone Rubber FDA IEC WJSIL14300-WJ21
Translucent Silicone Food Quality – 60° shore WJ14304-WJ21
White Silicone Food & Drink Grade 60° shore WJ14104-WJ21
White Silicone Food Quality – 60° shore WJ14105-WJ21
White Silicone Non-Toxic Grade General Purpose 40° shore WJ14101-WJ21

VITON and FKM
Blue Food Quality FKM A Rubber 65 shore FDA 21 CFR No 177. 2600 EU1935.2004. WJ279FKM23
Off-White Food Quality FKM A Rubber 65° Shore FDA21 CFR NO 177.2600 EU1935.2004 WHITEFKMWJ280
Black High Temperature FKM B Rubber 70° shore BLACKVITONWJ281
Black High Temperature FKM A Rubber 75° shore WJ14975FKM23

Contact William Johnston & Company Limited

For more information about our Rubber Gaskets that are available world wide, contact us on +44 (0)141 620 1666, Email us or simply complete our online Enquiry Form.


Disclaimer
Please note, failure to select the correct materials or products we supply (“the Products”) may result in damage to plant, equipment or property. In some instances, it may cause death or personal injury. We are not designers and do not give advice about design related matters concerning the Products. We can help and assist with the technical specifications for the Products. In specific applications, particularly where critical conditions exist, we will try to assist you within the limitations of the services that we offer. All information supplied by us is intended as technical co-operation outlining the specifications of the different Products which we supply. To the extent permitted in law, no warranty is given in respect of any information supplied by us. The customer must satisfy themselves as to the suitability of the Products for their intended application and use. The correct fitting of Products is the responsibility of the customer. Your statutory rights remain unaffected. Save in respect of death, personal injury or fraud, our entire liability to you, however arising from the supply of Products shall be limited to the £10M indemnity amount provided by our insurers.

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